Does espionage lower your popularity with the AI?

So everyone knows there is a handful of things you can, and cannot do to keep your world popularity from tanking and having every AI player declare war on you and cut you off from the international markets.

But what effects does espionage have on your popularity?

1- if you put a spy on military/economic, sabotage mission in a AI country, does this lower your popularity with that country?

1.1 - What if the country doesn’t know where the spy came from?

1.2- if you put a spy on military/economic sabotage mission in a popular AI country, does that lower your popularity with other AI countries?

2- does intelligence gathering lower your popularity?

2.1 - If I am gathering intelligence on a popular AI country, will all other countries dislike this?

2.2 - If I am gathering intelligence on a neighboring AI country, and they find out, will this lower my popularity with them?

This popularity thing with AI is very hard to work with.

If there could maybe be a section in the espionage tabb that shows you what factors are working for or against you with each country? Idk